World map with significant Nepali language speakers Dark Blue: Main official language, Light blue: One of the official languages, Red: Places with significant population or greater than 20% but without official recognition. Nepali (: नेपाली), known by the Khas Kura (: खस कुरा) also known as Gorkhali or Parbatiya, is an of the sub-branch of. It is the official language of and one of the official status gained language of.
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It is spoken mainly in Nepal and by about a quarter of the population in. In, Nepali is listed in the as an Indian language, with official status in the state of, and spoken in states such as and in 's. It is also spoken in Burma and by the Nepali diaspora worldwide. Nepali developed in proximity to a number of Indo-Aryan languages, most notably the other and, and shows influence. However, owing to Nepal's location, it has also been influenced. Nepali is mainly differentiated from Central Pahari, both in grammar and vocabulary, by Tibeto-Burman idioms owing to close contact with this language group. Historically, the language was called Khas Speech ( Khas Kurā) and Gorkhali (language of the ) before the term Nepali was adopted.
The origin of modern Nepali language is believed to be from Sinja valley of. Therefore, the Nepali dialect “Khas Bhasa” is still spoken among the people of the region. It is also known as Khey (the native term for living in the periphery of the Kathmandu valley), Parbate (native term meaning 'of the hill') or Partya among the, and Pahari among the. Other names include Lhotshammikha ('Southern Language', spoken by the of ). Aadi Kavi in Nepali language literature Nepali developed a significant literature within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. This literary explosion was fueled by; Sundarananda Bara (1833); Birsikka, an anonymous collection of folk tales; and a version of the epic by (d.
The contribution of trio-laureates, and took Nepali to the level of other world languages. The contribution of expatriate writers outside Nepal, especially in and in India, is also notable. In the past decade, there have been many contributions to Nepali literature from the Nepali diaspora in Asia, Europe, America, and India. Number of speakers According to the 2011 national census, 44.6 percent of the population of Nepal speaks Nepali as a. The Ethnologue website reports 12,300,000 speakers within Nepal (from the 2011 census).
Nepali is traditionally spoken in the of Nepal (Pahad, पहाड़), especially in the western part of the country. Although the dominated the Kathmandu valley, Nepali is currently the most dominant. Nepali is used in government and as the everyday language of a growing portion of the local population. Nevertheless, the exclusive use of Nepali in the courts and government of Nepal is being challenged. Recognition of other languages in Nepal was one of the objectives of the 's long war.
In, those who speak Nepali, known as Lhotshampa, are estimated at about 35 percent of the population. This number includes displaced, with unofficial estimates of the ethnic Bhutanese refugee population as high as 30 to 40 percent, constituting a majority in the south (about 242,000 people).
Since the late 1980s, over 100,000 Lhotshampas have been forced out of Bhutan, accused by the government of being illegal immigrants. A large portion of them were expelled in an ethnic cleansing campaign, and presently relocated to United states. There are 2.9 million Nepali language speakers in India. Copper Inscription by King of, Raika Mandhata Shahi at 1612 (शाके १६१२) (or 1747 ) in old Khas language using script Around 500 years ago, from the - basin migrated eastward, bypassing inhospitable highlands to settle in lower valleys of the Basin that were well-suited to cultivation.
One notable extended family settled in the Gorkha Kingdom, a small principality about halfway between. In 1559 AD a Lamjunge prince, established himself on the throne of Gorkha with the help of local Khas.
He raised an army of khas with the commandership of. Later, in the late 18th century his heir raised and improvised an army of, Thakuri, Magars and and possibly other hill tribesmen and set out to conquer and consolidate dozens of small principalities in the Himalayan foothills. Since Gorkha had replaced the original Khas homeland, Khaskura was redubbed Gorkhali 'language of the Gorkhas'.
The most notable military achievement of Prithvi Narayan Shah was the conquest of the urbanized, on the eastern rim of the Gandaki basin. This region was also called Nepal at the time. Kathmandu became Prithvi Narayan's new capital. The originally referred to their language as Khas kurā ('Khas speech'), which was also known as Parbatiya (or Parbattia or Paharia, 'language of the Hill country'). The Newar people used the term ' as a name for this language, as they identified it with the Gorkhali conquerors.
The Gorkhalis themselves started using this term to refer to their language at a later stage. The used the term Naipali at least from 1901 to 1951, the 1961 census replacing it with Nepali.
Expansion – particularly to the north, west, and south – brought the growing state into conflict with the British and Chinese. This led to wars that trimmed back the territory to an area roughly corresponding to Nepal's present borders. Both China and Britain understood the value of a and did not attempt to further reduce the territory of the new country.
After the Gorkha conquests, the Kathmandu Valley or Nepal became the new center of political initiative. As the entire conquered territory of the Gorkhas ultimately became 'Nepal', in the early decades of the 20th century, Gorkha language activists in India, especially Darjeeling and Varanasi, began petitioning Indian universities to adopt the name 'Nepali' for the language. Also in an attempt to disassociate himself with his Khas background, the Rana monarch decreed that the term Gorkhali be used instead of Khas kurā to describe the language. Meanwhile, the administrators had started using the term 'Nepal' (after Newar) to refer to the Gorkha kingdom. In the 1930s, the Gorkha government also adopted this term to describe their country. Subsequently, the Khas language also came to be known as 'Nepali language'.
By the third decade, the Nepali state finally discontinued the use of the term Gorkhali, substituting it with Nepali, a move that provoked some stifled protest in Kathmandu from Newar intellectuals even during the autocratic Rana period. In all these years, Nepali has had influences from many languages. While Nepali is technically from the same family as languages like and, it has taken many loan words. Words like dhoka 'door', jhyāl 'window', pasal 'shop', and rāngo ' have Tibeto-Burmese roots. Words like 'martyr' (ultimately from ) and 'law' (ultimately from, came from Persian into Nepali, as the former functioned as the literary language of much of the Muslim world for over a millennium). Many words are in use today due to the rising popularity of the United States of America in the region and the previous British aid at schools and other fields.
Nepali is spoken indigenously over most of Nepal west of the, then progressively less further to the east. Dialects Dialects of Nepali include Acchami, Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali, Bheri, Dadeldhuri, Dailekhi, Darchulali, Darchuli, Gandakeli, Humli, Purbeli, and Soradi.
(Dotyali), Jhapali, syangjali is a closely related language which is included in the Nepali. Phonology.